Background and Objectives Nowadays, herbicides are crucial for modern agricultural systems. Yet, improper application of herbicides will have dangerous consequences. For example, there will be crop damage due to long lasting herbicide residue or herbicide drift on neighbor crops if applied on non-target species. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the sensitivity of wheat and barley to pendimethalin residue by using bioassay. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate soil residue of pendimethalin, experiments with completely randomized designs were carried out in the greenhouse at Faculty of Agricluture and Natural Resources of Gonbad Kavous University. In this experiments, different doses of pendimethalin (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75 and 100 % of recommended dose) were applied on wheat and barley in order to measure the dry weight of root and shoot of crops. The concentration of herbicides was made by dilution of stock solvent. Three/four-parameter log-logistic curves were used for fitness of the data. Results Results indicated that almost all data followed the three-parameter Logarithm logistic curve. Results of separate fitness of data showed that the residue of pendimethalin always caused reduction of dry weight of the evaluated crops. Fifty percent reduction of shoot dry weight of wheat and barley was obtained from 400. 5 and 623. 05 g. a. i. ha-1 of pendimethalin and the ED50 values of root dry weight of wheat and barley were 65. 88 and 269. 66 g. a. i. ha-1 of pendimethalin, respectively. Discussion Generally, the results of simultaneously fitted data shows that wheat is always more sensitive to pendimethalin rather than barley. Based on results, even the very little portion of herbicides can cause damage to crops, thus, considering the sensitive crop in rotation is so important since this residue can stay active even in two-season crops and make crop injuries. The selection between 3 and 4 Logarithm logistic model was based on: 1. Lack of fit test significance 2. Significance of estimated parameters, especially the parameters and the way of distribution of data around the curve (graphical observation).

Alī Muḥammad Iṣfahānī (1215/1800–1293/1876), was one of the famous scientific figures of Qajar period who passed the formative years of his scientific and professional life in Iṣfahān, i.e. before being acquainted with the European sciences through the modern institution of Dār al-Funūn. Several scientific works of Iṣfahānī were written in the style of the ancient mathematical treatises like Miftāḥ al-Ḥisāb by Kāshī or ‘Uyūn al-Ḥisāb by Muḥammad Bāghir Yazdī, whereas his other works seem to have been written in the style of the pedagogic books of Dār al-Funūn. The historians have mentioned some titles among Iṣfahānī’s works which unfortunately are not available today and therefore the attribution of some innovations to Iṣfahānī remains ambiguous. One of the innovations attributed to Iṣfahānī is the discovery of the extracting the Logarithm of the numbers. This attribution is repeated in some historical Persian sources such as The Diffused Articles by Abu al-Ḥasan Furūghī, The Algebra of Khayyām by Gholamhossein Mosaheb, The History of Islamic Sciences by Jalal al-Din Homaee, etc. Nevertheless, the historian of mathematics, Abu al-Ghasim Ghorbani, believes that the attribution of discovery of the Logarithm to Iṣfahānī could not be more than a legend, though after examining some historical facts, Abd al-Hossein Moshafi shows that this attribution is not far from reality. In this article, after introducing this mathematician and mentioning the previous debates about the subject, I will try to shed some light on these ambiguities with the help of the extant documents.

Let E be an elliptic curve over the finite field Fq, P a point in E(Fq) of order n, and Q a point in the group generated by P. The discrete Logarithm problem on E is to find the number k such that Q = kP. In this paper we reduce the discrete Logarithm problem on E[n] to the discrete Logarithm on the group F*q , the multiplicative group of nonzero elements of Fq, in the case where n ï q - 1, using generalized jacobian of E.

Background and objectives Rhizobium is terrestrial bacteria that can coexist and form nodules in the leguminous family. The legume-rhizobia symbiosis results in great quantities of nitrogen fixation throughout the world. Rhizobial populations become non-target microbiomes for the herbicide applied in the field. Various herbicides such as Trifluralin and Imazethapyr can affect legume-rhizobia symbiosis negatively or in hermetic way. Hormesis is a dose-response relationship phenomenon characterized by a low-dose stimulation and a high-dose inhibition. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Imazethapyr and Trifluralin herbicides at two pH value (5.5 and 7) on the growth of Mezorhizobium ciceri at in vitro conditions.Materials and methods To investigate the effect of Imazethapyr and Trifluralin herbicides on M. ciceri bacteria, an experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in Gonbad Kavous University. M. ciceri strain were grown and maintained on yeast extract mannitol agar medium. Yeast extract manitol broth medium was used at two pH equal to 5.5 and 7. Moreover, Imazethapyr (0.021, 0.042, 0.084, 0.168, 0.336, and 0.672 g.L-1) and Trifluralin (0.337, 0.675, 1.35, 2.7, 5.4, and 10.8 g.L-1) herbicides accompanied with no-herbicide control added to the medium containing of 105 cell.ml-1 of M. ciceri at in vitro condition and the measurement of bacterial population was calculated at 600 nm light absorption, using spectrophotometer. The experiment was carried out with 4 replications and repeated two times. Population trends at different herbicide were fitted using three and four parameters logistic models and the Brain-Cousens equation was used when the hormesis response was observed.Results The bacterial population of M. ciceri affected by Imazethapyr and Trifluralin concentrations in pH=5.5 followed the three parameter Logarithm logistic model and in pH=7 followed the five parameter Brain-Cousense model. The maximum bacterial populations in pH=5.5 and pH=7 were 22.8×106 from zero concentration and 378.5×106 from 0.021 dose of Imazethapyr, respectively. At 0.021 and 0.042 g.L-1 of Imazethapyr doses, the bacterial population increased by 25.6% and 10.25%, respectively, compared to the control, which indicates the bacteria's hormetic behavior. The amount of hormesis in Trifluralin from doses (0.337 and 0.675 g.L-1) was recorded equal to 1.01×108 cell.mL-1. The increasing percentage of bacterial population from these doses compared to the control was 20.92 and 16.14, respectively. The value of “e” parameter, which indicates the amount of herbicide required for 50% reduction of the bacterial population, in pH=5.5 was obtained from Imazethapyr equivalent to 1.03 10-1 g.L-1 and from Trifluralin equal to 2.93 g.L-1. Conclusion This study showed statistical evidence of M. ciceri growth stimulation against minimum doses of Imazethapyr and Trifluralin in neutral acidity as Hormesis. This bacterium's population growth reaction in both herbicides under acidic conditions followed the Logarithmic logistic model, and no hormesis was observed. In general, with increasing the dose of herbicides used in this experiment, M. ciceri bacterial population growth decreased. However, depending on the culture medium's pH, the bacterial reaction process was different so that in neutral acidity and sub-lethal doses was accompanied by an increase in population growth and then as the doses increased the growth rate decreased.

In recent years it has been trying that with regard to the question of computational complexity of discrete Logarithm more strength and less in the elliptic curve than other hard issues, applications such as elliptic curve cryptography, a blind digital signature method, other methods such as encryption replacement DLP. In this paper, a new blind digital signature scheme based on elliptic curve cryptography system is proposed. The presented scheme, safe and efficient manner is able to meet the needs of a digital signature system meet the blind. Analysis and evaluation of the efficiency of the Protocol presented in comparison with that in the past has been raised, the superiority of the proposed method.

One of the fundamental points in every research is considering history, fields& evolution of the subject which is known as literature review. Thus in order to study logistics it is essential to review conceptual& historical evolution surveys, logistic theories& concepts. Furthermore, a suitable perspective& approach should be acquired.Studying books, articles & researches demonstrates different paradigms have been developed in logistic field. There for, this paper attempts to review serous logistic paradigms. At the end, integneted logistic paradigm is presented for future researches.